Effect of Sugar on the Melting Rate of (Coke) Ice Cubes

Effect of Sugar on the Melting Rate of (Coke) Ice Cubes Introduction: There was constant information coming up about sugar lowering the freezing point of ice therefore shortening the melting time of the ice. This experiment will be conducted as hope to solidify research, Coke ice cubes will be used in the experiment; Original coke ice cubs which contain sugar, and Coke zero ice cubes which contain no added sugar. This experiment will provide more reliable information for scientists for real life applications such as melting ice off roads as faster and easier way, clearing snow off roads or to clear ice for room for infrastructure and construction. Aim: To see the effect of sugar on the melting rate of ice cubes (Original coke – sugar, and Coke Zero – no sugar). Hypothesis: The sugar in the Original Coke ice cubes will cause the ice cubes to melt faster than the Coke Zero ice cubes. This is because sugar lowers the freezing point of water/most liquids. Material list: Method: Pour 10mL of Original Coke into a separated/slotted ice cube tray using a pipette and measuring cylinder to make sure that all the ice cubes are the same size (leave the ice trays in the freezer overnight). Pour 10mL Coke Zero into a separated/slotted ice cube tray using a pipette and measuring cylinder to make sure that all the ice cubes are the same size (leave the ice trays in the freezer overnight). Place heat source in front or on top of bench and switch it on. Record room temperature and air temperature before removing ice cubes form the freezer. Place one of each ice cube on a separate plate and start the timer. Time how long it takes for the ice cubes to melt. Take photos of the melting of the ice cubes. Write down results of the experiment including; temperatures and times. Clean out plates and let them dry before repeating the experiment around 8 times or until your results are consistent, reliable and close. Variables: Results: Images: Discussion: I stated in my hypothesis that the Original Coke would melt faster because of its contents; containing sugar whereas, Coke Zero does not. This is experiment was conducted on the basis of the research on what makes ice melts fastest. Substances that dissolve in water lower the freezing point of the solution. This is an example of a colligative property. In this experiment, I investigated whether sugar affected the rate at which ice (cubes) melted. The reason I thought that the Original Coke would melt faster is because it contained lots of sugar and the reason I thought the Coke Zero would melt slower (than Original Coke) is because it has no natural sugar in it but instead it contains artificial sweeteners. On TV or in other countries (because we don’t have ice/snow on the streets in Australia unless you’re in the mountains), trucks are usually seen driving through streets covered with snow or ice, spreading a mixture of sand, gravel and salt on the ice/snow to de-ice the roads (melt the layer of ice/snow on the road). The lowered freezing point because of the poured mixture means that snow and ice can melt even if the weather is supposed to be freezing water. This is an example of freezing point depression (the decreasing of melting point of a substance/molecule). I decided to see if sugar would have the same effect as salt as they are not so different when it comes to their molecular properties. My results supported that my hypothesis and made my research reliable, The Original Coke melted significantly faster than the Coke Zero (as shown in images 4 and 6) . My results were repeated seven* times in order to obtain reliable data. The graph created from the table of results show the average melting times for each type of coke ice cube, it shows that Original Coke melted significantly (almost 300+ seconds in different instances) faster than the Coke Zero. The biggest difficulty I encountered was controlling the temperature of the air, plates and the temperature of the room. I set my experiment up in front of a gas heater in the living room where there were little things which would interfere with my experiment, making sure that each type of ice cube was the 30 centimetres away from the heat source, I began the experiment. Each type of ice cube was placed on the same type of plate at the same time for each repeat of the experiment. The temperatures were measured with 2 types of thermometers (an ordinary scientific grade thermometer and an IR thermometer1) during the experiment and the temperatures fluctuated from between 42oC and 50oC.. However, both types of ice cubes were exposed to the same increase during the experiment so the average melting rate results should not have been affected. The amount by which the freezing point is lowered depends only on the number of molecules dissolved, not on their chemical nature of the substance used because of this, my thoughts changed. Although my prediction2 was correct, I still do not completely know what it was that changed the melting rate of the ice because I do not have scientific grade equipment or a laboratory to conduct a full scale experiment, but I suspect that it may have to do with Original coke having more soluble substances/material than Coke Zero. I could also conduct an experiment to discover the truth behind that theory by testing the evaporation times of each type of Cola. (But that’s for another timeà ¯Ã‚ Ã…  ) Conclusion: My results show that the Original Coke ice cubes melt faster than Coke Zero ice cubes. I suspect that the sugar in Original Coke caused the ice cube to melt faster. However, freezing point depression depends on the amount of molecules dissolved, and not on the chemical nature or make up of the molecules. Therefore, the presence or absence of sugar in the Coke ice cubes may not have been the reason for my different melting rates. Bibliography: NaveC.R. (n.d.). Colligative Properties of Solutions.Colligative Properties of Solutions. Retrieved August 27, 2014, from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/collig.html OKeeffe, J. (2010, September 19). Why Does Sugar Affect the Freezing Point of Water?.eHow. Retrieved August 27, 2014, from http://www.ehow.com/facts_7194604_sugar-affect-freezing-point-water_.html ThinkQuest. (n.d.).ThinkQuest. Retrieved August 27, 2014, from http://library.thinkquest.org/C006669/data/Chem/colligative/colligative.html?tqskip1=1 Variables in Your Science Fair Project. (n.d.).Variables in Your Science Fair Project. Retrieved August 27, 2014, from http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_variables.shtml *Eight times but I messed up my eighth so I dropped it. 2Prediction based on previous research conducted. 1IR thermometer: I got it from a cousin who had it lying around. It’s not scientific grade, it was bought from Bunnings warehouse.

Anxiety Disorders :: Psychology Essays

Anxiety Disorders As I got close to the Embassy Suites, where Lincoln Financial Group was holding their interviews, I felt myself get tense. "What if people are in the lobby and they see me in jeans? Would that make a bad impression?" After a long debate with myself, I decided that it was nearly midnight and that people would not be awake. I walked into the lobby, got my room key and went up. We all had our own suite so it was clear that Lincoln had some money to spend. As I tried to fall asleep, I became more and more restless. I began thinking about all the things that could go wrong. I couldn't sleep. 3am rolled around. Then 6am. At 7am I got up, showered, put my suit on and walked out of the room. I immediately turned around because I realized that I had forgotten my name tag. As I tried to open the door with the plastic key, I realized I was trembling so bad that I could not get the stupid key in the door. I finally managed to enter the room and get my name tag and I proceeded to stab my finger with the safety pin of the tag. The pin kept slipping because my palms were sweaty. I took a deep breath, cleaned myself, cursed myself for being clumsy, and went downstairs to eat. The elevator doors opened and I saw over 150 people in the lobby. I nearly fainted. I felt like my lungs would not expand and for a second everything went black. I quickly walked over to the bathroom and slapped myself a couple of times. Splashing cold water on my face would have been out of the question given that I was wearing mascara. I asked myself to get a grip (several times) and walk out of the bathroom. I was so nervous that I hung my head and walked over to the food hoping to avoid any eye contact. I looked at the food and I wanted to eat because I was hungry, but my nausea got in the way. I finally had to look up and then I saw the rest of the name tags. "OH MY GOD!" Cornell, University of Penn., Princeton, Yale, Columbia. I wanted to start crying but there were too many people around. I thought "you might as well go home.

Why was the Thirty Years War fought?

The Thirty Years War is a series of wars fought between 1618 to1648 for reasons that range from religious to territorial. It devastated most of Europe especially Germany and ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. It began with the resistance of Protestant nobles in Bohemia against the Hapsburgs, the family which headed the Holy Roman Empire. Since its beginning, political affiliations among states played a role in the causes and the outcomes of the series of wars. When the war started, the German Protestants allied with Austria. They were defeated by another alliance, that of Brussel and Spain, which was sent by King Ferdinand II. In 1625, Denmark renewed the war but was defeated by General Wallenstein's army, also sent by Ferdinand. Wallenstein was a Bohemian, but who sided with the Roman Empire in return for the spoils of war. The final phases of the war were initiated by Denmark, Sweden and France, all of whom were led to the fray in concern with the increasing Hapsburg power in their territories. The Peace of Westphalia, two treaties which ended the war, returned the German states which were seized by the Holy Roman Empire in the duration of the war to their former rulers. It also allowed them to practice and choose their religions. Countries like Switzerland and Netherland were granted independence. The treaty introduced religious tolerance and ended religious warfare. Matters could have been resolved earlier during the conflict, avoiding the death and destruction that it inflicted upon the affected countries has the Holy Roman Empire been not driven by ambition and greed for more land. The reason why states waged the wars against the empire was their fear of the increasing power of the Hapsburg over Europe threatening their very borders. King Ferdinand could have also appeased the Protestants within Germany; that he would leave them alone, way before the war expanded outside Germany. Reference The Columbia Encyclopia, (2001) Sixth Edition, 2001-2007. Columbia University Press. Retrieved on May 21, 2008. http://www. bartleby. com/65/th/ThirtyYe. html.

Online Reservation System and Booking - 4281 Words

Chapter I Introduction Rationale of the Study Every problem has a solution. In order to come up with a good solution, the root of the problem has to be determined. The scope of the problem must be established well before making the first few steps of the study. One has to get a hold of the basic theories and principles regarding the problem, justify the impact of the problem to the society, and consider the future customers of that â€Å"would-be â€Å"solution. Before designing solutions, related literature must be examined first. This may ease off confusion as to where and how to start. Lastly, a standard and appropriate methodology must guide everything until the solution is achieved. Technology has gone a long way, improving†¦show more content†¦The proponents make use of some tools and techniques to build the project. The system uses Graphical User Interface(GUI) to help the user give instruction to the computer. The system once implemented it will solve the most common problems that the Hotels encounter. Features: - online reservation - add/edit/delete guest reservation information - prepaid card - reloadable - guest account numbers - generate monthly sales income(reports) Objectives of the project The goal of the study is to analyze, design, develop and implement a online reservation system for Sogo Hotel that will help improve the current system. This study aims to solve the problem with low guest occupancy of the hotel by offering affordable and accessible online reservation prepaid system. Specifically, this study aims to create a reservation system that offers the following: 1. to increase the number of hotel guests; 2. to lessen the time consumed during reservation. 3. to highly integrate data. 4. to spend less time in searching and retrieving of files. 5. to create monthly sales report; and 6. to keep up with competitors by cater wider markets. 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