Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person by Harry...

In â€Å"Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person†, Harry Frankfurt illustrates the concepts of freedom of will and freedom of action, but more importantly, Frankfurt has refined the compatibilism theory. Compatibilism allows the freedom of will to exist in the deterministic world. According to determinism theory, the future state of worlds is determined by some events in the distant past (E) and the laws of nature (L). More specifically, E refers to the history, such as experiences or states whereas L refers to scientific or physical law like gravity. For example, an alcoholic’s action is determined that he will not stop drinking. Here E is that he had been drinking in the past, and L is the physiological addiction effect caused by†¦show more content†¦According to Frankfurt, â€Å"there is no more than an innocuous appearance of paradox in the proposition that it is determined, ineluctably and by forces beyond their control, that certain people have f ree wills and that others do not† (20). Frankfurt’s theory is purely based on the relationship between different orders of desires, instead of the origin of the desires. In other words, so long as one has the freedom to desire a particular first-order desire of his, he has the freedom of will, even though all of his desires are causally determined. There is one objection to the necessity of higher order desires. Consider Hugh wants to have another drink at the bar, and he also wants to drive safely on the road. At last, he chooses not to drink another glass of wine and drives safely home. The simple structure of Humean compatibilism is that one is free when his action is followed by his desire. Since Hugh has a desire to drive home safely and he makes this effective, he is free. Yet, using Frankfurtean view leads to confusing conclusion. First, Hugh has two conflicting first order desires, and he also has a second order desire not to be moved by his first order desire, which is to have another the drink. Due to the fact that Hugh chooses not to have another drink, Hugh has freedom of will and acts freely. Nevertheless, it does seem that Hugh forms his second order desire, basedShow MoreRelatedHarry Frankfurt : An Introduction920 Words   |  4 PagesHarry Frankfurt – An Introduction Harry Frankfurt is one of the most prominent defenders of a compatibilist view point of free will. He is the professor of emeritus philosophy at Princeton University. His major areas of interest include 17th century rationalism, actions, moral philosophy and philosophy of mind. According to Frankfurt, a person is a â€Å"specific structure of will†. He defined will in the terms of first-order desires. Following are the concepts of ‘First-order desires’, ‘Second-orderRead MoreThe Metaphysical Issue Of Free Will1368 Words   |  6 Pages Everyone believes himself or herself to possess the freedom of will. If we do not have free will, then that suggests that we lack any power or control over anything, therefore, nothing is up to us. This would impair our view and perception of our society, community and the world. The metaphysical issue of free will is if the initial conditions are fixed and all the laws of nature are deterministic, then the resulting outcome that will happen thereafter is also fixed, because of the laws of natureRead MoreFreedom of the Will and the Concept of the Person697 Words   |  3 PagesFreedom of the Will and the Concept of the Person Harry Frankfurt essay â€Å"Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person† is centered around two major ideas. First is a person’s will is a set of effective first-order desires, and the second is that a person is a creature that has second-order volitions. Frankfurt offes the concept of a person vested with first-order desires and second-order desires which play the major role in decision making process. First-order desireRead MoreHarry Frankfurt s Arguments For The Compatibilism Of Determinism And Freedom Of Will1578 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper, I will consider Harry Frankfurt s arguments for the compatibilism of determinism and freedom of will, as presented in Freedom of Will and the Concept of Person and some problems that arise with his reasoning. I will claim that those problems do not come from any propositions central to Frankfurt s argument, but rather from his neglect of the issue of the relationship between freedom of will and moral responsibility. I will argue, that Frankfurt makes an invalid implicit assumptionRead MoreDavid Hume : Free Will And Determinism1261 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Jack† Christopher Miller Jr. November 22, 2016 Rough Draft for Final Paper Over the course of time, in the dominion of philosophy, there has been a constant debate involving two major concepts: free will and determinism. Are our paths in life pre-determined? Do we have the ability to make decisions by using our freedom of will? While heavily subjective questions that have been answered many different authors, philosophers, etc., two authors in particular have answered these questions very similarlyRead MoreThe Theory Of Free Will950 Words   |  4 PagesAs a concept, free will offers a tremendous opportunity to pursue rationality of purpose. Within this rationality, individuals find wisdom whenever they exercise it appropriately. Both Skinner and Bandura state that free will explore the determinant to the ability of humanity to discover the space around them (Koons, 2002). Over time, philosophers have maintained that free will offers itself as a gift to humanity. It is presumed, therefore, that free will is God’s ordination, and as such, man should Read MoreConception of Free Will and the Concept of a Person1392 Words   |  6 Pages Philosopher’s Frankfurt and Sartre both argue about the conception of free will and the concept of a person. Sartre’s main point is on existentialism, the fundamentals of freedom and the responsibilities of our emotions and desires. Frankfurt focuses on the first order and second order desires. Identifying with a desire and externalizing them and taking a stance as an agent, as well as, the importance of morality and self interest. Jean-Paul Sartre is a philosopher who argues about the conceptionRead MoreThe Case Of The Unwilling Addict1479 Words   |  6 Pagesand Moral Responsibility We have certain notions of what free-will is. But before we can discuss the notion of free-will, we need to establish the meaning of this term. Having free-will refers to one’s choices or desires (O’Connor, â€Å"Free Will†). A person who is able to act according to the determinations of their will (i.e., choices or desires) is free (Russell, â€Å"Hume on Free Will†). But is it always fair to blame people for performing morally wrong actions when they act on the basis of their ownRead MoreFree Will And Determinism Vs. Determinism1074 Words   |  5 Pagesand oversee some of the actions that are yet to happen considering what one already did. In another context, free will is having the freedom to choose our behavior whether good or bad. For this case some good or bad things happen because of our past choices. In other words, everyone is responsible for their own actions. However, some attempts to explain the concept of determinism argue that some outcomes or actions are beyond our control, or they are automatic. For this case, this type of determinismRead MoreCausal Determinism Threatens This Principal904 Words   |  4 Pagesotherwise. For example, if a person is pre-determined to watch a certain television show one evening, one does not have the ability to choose a different show to watch, and therefore, there is no use of free will. So, in the determinist’s eyes, free will is nonexistent. Some proponents of free will argue that by choosing to do something, one causes oneself to act. One could have caused oneself to act in another manner, and therefore the act, although caused by that person, is still a free choice. However

Marxism And Its Effects On The World s Republic Of China

During the nineteenth century, in the midst of increased industrialization, worker exploitation, and growing gaps in wealth, Karl Marx formulated a political theory which would go on to remodel global politics in an unprecedented manner. Marxism, as it would later be known, or more generally, Communism, was destined to guide countless nations’ paths to â€Å"liberation.† Two countries in particular, the USSR and the People’s Republic of China, can trace their rapid escapes from â€Å"backwardness† into industrial powerhouses, and international superpower and rising superpower, respectively, to their adoption, as well as their exclusive interpretations, of Marxism. However, such flexible and broad adaptations of Marxism to these nations’†¦show more content†¦The aforementioned information is detailed within The Marxian Revolution Chapters 1 and 3. So where did Lenin and Mao diverge from and align with the ideas of Marx? From the start, Lenin was working with a Russia that did not yet meet the criteria of a conscious proletariat, indicating readiness for revolution. As such, he amended Marxism to better suit the circumstances of the Russian population. The first manner in which Lenin contrasts with Marx is through his utilization of a peasant uprising, rather than a worker uprising. At that point in Russia’s history, Russia was still in a feudal phase, where industry has not yet taken off, and the vast majority of the population was peasants, whom were controlled by landlords as well as the Tsarist Government. Lenin justified the propriety of revolution by asserting that Russia was in a state of capitalism. Lenin further diverged from Marx in the fact that Marx believed that the revolution should be lead by the self aware proletariat, rather than merely consisting of proletarian participants. However, lacking both a proletariat majority, as well as a conscious class, Lenin determined that the revolution must be lead by an elite base. As mentioned in Comrades!, Marx greatly feared a preemptive revolution, and it is plausible that such a faulty foundation of Communism in Russia is what eventually lead to the USSR’s downfall. Nonetheless, Lenin proceeded with his Bolshevik Revolution and disbanded withShow MoreRelatedChinese Civil War : The Wuchang Uprising1649 Words   |  7 PagesDue to many economic issues in China, including the devastating effects of the Opium Wars of European imperialism, the Wuchang Uprising, followed by the Xinhai Rebellion, occurred and led to the Qing Dynasty s fall in 1911 (Szczepanski; Wuchang). Soon after, the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party), under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen, established the Republic of China, but it did not stop the centralized political power in China from becoming dismantled and fragmented into many warlord factionsRead MoreMao Tse Tung : A Chinese Dictator Responsible For Over 49 Million Deaths974 Words   |  4 PagesMao Tse-tung was a Chinese dictator responsible for over 49 million deaths which are mainly comprised of policy reforms. Mao was born in a village in the Shaoshan countryside on December 26th, 1893. This being in the southern province of Hunan, China, Mao grew up living an average peasant life which where his time was mostly comprised of working in the rice fields. He had no siblings, only parents, his father, Mao Zedong was a grain dealer, and his mother, Wem Qimei, was a responsible for raisingRead MoreTo What Extent Was the Chinese Revolution, 1927-1949, a Socialist Revolution as Defined by Marx?4672 Words   |  19 Pagesextent that the revolution adhered to Marxist doctrine. Classical Marxism will be defined by the works of Karl Marx and Fedrich Engels and Mao Zedong thought will be defined by the works of Mao Zedong. The primary sources used for this essay are Selected Work of Mao Zedong and Marx and Engels: Selected Works. To investigate the Marxist nature of the Chinese revolut ion, I break down the revolution into three parts: cause, process and effect. To analyse these three parts, three consequential questions areRead MoreCommunism Of The Vietnam War And The Cold War1181 Words   |  5 Pageshistory more than one-third of the globe. This ideology is followed by Russia, Cuba, Laos, China, North Korea, and Vietnam. This ideology is the source of many revolutions and conflicts throughout the history likes the English Civil War, the Bolshevik Revolution, the Vietnam War, the Korea War and the Cold War. However, what makes Communism different from other ideologies is its origin, its policy, and its effects on the poor and the working class. Communism originated during the Stone Age, at the beginningRead MoreThe Left And The Right Wing1575 Words   |  7 Pageshave the same point of views or are they slightly different? How exaggerated will their ideas be considering that both ideologies were influenced by the same principles. Would they have the same methods and goals? Are they all the same, that there s no point in finding the differences between a traditional conservatives and a reactionary? Or are they simply contradicting themselves? Looking at the radical side of the political spectrum we are faced with the theories of Karl Marx, who rejected theRead MoreMao Zedong and Cultural Revolution1484 Words   |  6 Pagesinitiated a series of revolutions to change the way China ran, the final being the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution starting in 1966 and ending in 1976 (1). The goal of this investigation is to determine Mao Zedong’s motives as a leader to initiate such a movement that ended up with the loss of culture, struggle between social classes, force of government, and the loss of human life (2). This investigation will describe Mao as a person, China as a country, the Cultural Revolution as a movementRead MoreRussia And The Russian Federation Essay1844 Words   |  8 Pageslargest country in the world at 17,075,200 square kilometres by surface area, covering more than one eighth of Earth s inhabited land, and the ninth most populous, with over 146.6 million people as of end of March 2016. The Eu ropean western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the East, with almost eight-tenths of the population living within the European region of Russia. Russia s capital, Moscow is one of the largest cities in Europe and the world. Its ohter major urbanRead MoreThe Khmer Rouge s Rise Into Power1308 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Effect Did The US Have On The Khmer Rouge’s Rise Into Power The Khmer Rouge took over Cambodia in 1975 as Democratic Kampuchea, ending a six hundred year monarchy. The leader Pol Pot swiftly placed the entire population into rural communes, where death was the penalty for disobeying orders. Prince Sihanouk had tried to maintain Cambodian neutrality, but the communist Khmer Rouge, supported by their North Vietnamese allies, had waged a very effective war against Cambodian government forces. AfterRead MoreEconomics And The International System2303 Words   |  10 PagesRunning head: CHINA: WHERE IT’S BEEN AND WHERE IT’S GOING 1 China’s Economy: Where it’s been, and where it’s going An Analysis and Literature Review Norwich University Author Note This paper was prepared for GD530 Economics and the International System, taught by Professor Snow CHINA: WHERE IT’S BEEN AND WHERE IT’S GOING 2 Abstract The purpose of this essay is to show how the economy of China has, and is changingRead MorePestel for HM in China5292 Words   |  22 PagesPESTEL China 1. Politics Today’s China is the most populous country in the world and is so one of the most important political and economical forces in the world. 1.1. Country name In English China is official called â€Å"People’s Republic of China† https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html and in Chinese â€Å"Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo† https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html. 1.2. Capital The capital of China is Beijing, which is located

Benihana Case free essay sample

The best method of breaking batching into certain time periods is to start of the first two dinner intervals with batches of 8 as we discovered above it is the most efficient way of allocating your overheads across customers and accommodating the largest number of customers in a given period of time. For the last dining time period we decided to go with the tables of 4 batching because the number of customers that flow through the restaurant decreases so we would have to decrease the number per batch to avoid losing customers due to larger wait times. Between 7 pm and 8 pm, once again on average, we find there to be about 1 minute between arrivals, increasing back to 4 minutes per arrival from 8 pm to 9 pm. If the average party size is 4, then we can sum up these averages to be (60/4*4) + (60/1 * 4) + (60/4 *4) = 360 customers, which is BH’s demand. With 15 tables and batching, BH has a capacity of 15*8= 120 seats at any given time and since the average dining time observed from the simulation is 1 hour, the total capacity within the 3 hour period is 120*3= 360. We will write a custom essay sample on Benihana Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since capacity meets demand, one would think the utilization rate should be 100%, but yet for the 15 table simulation run earlier, we find the number to be at 52. 21%. The reason for this is that there is variability in demand, size of a party, and even in the dining times. Customers don’t always arrive at a steady stream of 8 per table. There is a higher concentration between 7 pm and 8 pm, in comparison to the other timeframes during which demand can’t be met with capacity while during other times, there will be unused capacity. Customers also don’t always arrive in a perfect batch of 8; a batch of 7 might leave one seat unused. And sometimes, customers tend to stay longer than the average one hour, causing a bottleneck in the capacity. Because of this variability, utilization is not 100%. 3C) From the aforementioned simulation run in 3A, we can see that the bar and batching reduces the variability and increases utilization as well as profits. The increased number of bar seats provide for a waiting area for full batches to be formed as well as serving as a revenue generator.

TOSCO MARKETING COMPANY Essays - Petroleum Products,

TOSCO MARKETING COMPANY Quality control comes in many forms. For some it is following a specific philosophy, such as those developed by Demming or Juran. For others it is achieving a specific degree of merit as that established by the Malcolm Baldridge Awards, or International Standard Organizations (ISO). However, the petroleum industry as a whole has compromised, shifted, and remained adaptable to an ever-changing world filled with government regulations and restrictions. The negative environmental impact of the petroleum industry is either not understood, grossly downplayed, or it is blatantly ignored. Government agencies have amended and abolished amendments in many of their policies so quickly that establishing best practices is nearly impossible. However, one thing in the petroleum industry remains the same. Safety is a key quality concept that must be adhered to. Tosco Corporation made a bad name for itself by ignoring certain safety issues. Quality control in the safety department was ineffective, and people died because of their neglect. Only recently have they outsourced the development of their safety program to Dupont. Introduction to Government Standards The Department of Energy (DOE) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) require an insurmountable amount of data, reports, testing, and auditing to ensure the compliance of all U.S. Oil Companies around the world. The most recent concern regarding the petroleum industry is that of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE's) that are put in our fuel. Early on it was believed that adding MTBE's to fuel would result in cleaner burning gasoline. However, according to the "Ground Water Monitor" small amounts seeped into the ground water and caused an unacceptable amount of contamination. The conception of MTBE's was in 1967 with the passage of the Clean Air Act. This is the primary statute governing air quality in the United States. It assigns responsibilities to government and industry to reduce emissions from pollution sources such as automobiles, refineries, chemical plants, and power plants. However, it seems as though every solution to meet the stringent requirements poses another problem. The Clean Air Act has been amended several times, and most recently it is to be amended to ban MTBE's by the year 2002. Many of the large oil companies, including Tosco Corp., have already made plans to completely remove MTBE's from their fuel production (MTBE's have already been removed from Connecticut fuel production). Currently the EPA requires operators of facilities handling a regulated substance that exceeded a threshold quantity to prepare a Risk Management Plan (RMP). However, According to Hydrocarbon Processing (Nov 1997), it is the EPA's intention to implement a nationwide standard in accordance with policies specified by ISO 14001 (an International Organization Standard related to environmentally hazardous materials). REFINERY OPERATIONS Most people do not understand the complete process involved with fuel production. However, it is necessary to understand when the quality control of the product or the operation is being analyzed. A Refinery is a factory that cost billions to build, millions to maintain, and they run around the clock 365 days per year. They create the basis for many of the products that we see and/or use daily. The following is a short list of some of those products: ? Ammonia ? Bubble Gum ? Crayons ? Denture Adhesive ? Eyeglass Frames ? Eyeglass frames ? Plastics ? Antiseptics ? Floor Polish ? Guitar Strings ? Heart Valves ? Paint ? Mascara To put it simply, there are three basic steps that can be clearly identified in the production process. The first step is the separation of the petroleum. The next step is the conversion process so that definitive boundaries between the types of petroleum can be set. Last is the treatment of the finished product. Separation is as simple as separating the heavy and the light petroleum. Inside the towers the liquids and vapors are separated into fractions according to weight and boiling point. The lightest fractions are what we all know as "liquid petroleum gas" or LPG's. Medium weight liquids are turned into diesel fuel and kerosene. The tar like fraction, or "residuum" comes from the bottom of the barrel. Most of this is what is used to make plastics and other products. The most complicated step in the refinement of petroleum occurs in the "conversion" stage. The most widely used method of conversion is call "cracking" or "Hydrocracking." Once again, this is using heat and pressure to crack heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter

The Guilded Age essays

The Guilded Age essays The Gilded Age brought about many reforms in many ways affecting basically all ways of life of the people in America. The churches started their change with the physical appearance of the churches. The church house went from a homely little building to an extravagant building representing the wealth and prestige of its members. This caused many disagreements in the parish of these organizations. Many people felt that the church, by its stained glass windows and decorated halls, was emphasizing materialism; that god rewarded the righteous with money. Also at the time other religions began to gain new ground and popularity, mostly among and due to the immigrants. Roman Catholicism and Judaism emerged as predominant faiths. By the end of the 17th century the Roman Catholics had nearly nine million people in their churches. The Salvation Army emerged in the 1880s when they came here from England. These soldiers with out arms were possibly the most effective, giving their free soup and s helter to those in need and spreading the thoughts of kindness and sharing amongst the world. Another new church that came about was the Church of Christ, Science, established by Mary Baker Eddy in 1879. This church took a different view, based on the healing power of Christianity instead of modern medicine. The YMCA and YWCA grew tremendously in the post civil war era, with the Ys sprouting up in every place with a large enough population to support it. With so many leaps and bounds in the field of religion, one can only expect that something would be discovered. Enter Darwin and all the chaos and bickering his ideas cause. In 1859 he published his highly controversial volume On the Origin of Species which explained his theory on how human beings evolved from lesser life forms into what they are today, quickly becoming known as the survival of the fittest. This theory also specifically contradicted the ideals which were set by...

How to Understand Mandarin Chinese Tones

How to Understand Mandarin Chinese Tones While residents across China use the same written character system, the way the words are pronounced differs from region to region. Standard Chinese is Mandarin  or Putonghua, and it consists of five pronunciation tones.  As a student of the Chinese language, the hardest part to differentiate is first, second, and fifth tones.   In 1958, the Chinese government rolled out its Romanized version of Mandarin. Prior to that, there were several different methods to sound out Chinese characters using English letters. Over the years, pinyin has become the standard around the world for those wishing to learn to properly pronounce Mandarin Chinese. This is how Peking became Beijing (which a more accurate pronunciation) in pinyin. Using characters, people simply know that that character is pronounced with a certain tone. In Romanized pinyin, many words suddenly had the same spelling, and it became necessary to designate tones within the word to differentiate them. Tones are of vital importance in Chinese. Depending on the choice of tone, you could be calling for your mother (maÌ„) or your horse (mă). Heres a brief introduction on the five vowel tones in the Mandarin language using the many words that are spelled ma. First Tone: ˉ This tone is designated by a straight line over the vowel (maÌ„) and is pronounced flat and high like the ma in Obama. Second Tone:  ´ This tones symbol is an upward slant from right to left over the vowel (maÃŒ ) and begins in the mid-tone, then rises to a high tone, as if asking a question. Third Tone: ˇ This tone has a V-shape over the vowel (mă) and starts low then goes even lower before it rises to a high tone. This is also known as falling-rising tone. Its as if your voice is tracing a check mark, starting at the middle, then lower then high. Fourth Tone: This tone is represented by a downward slant from right to left over the vowel (maÌ€) and begins in a high tone but falls sharply with a strong guttural tone at the end like you are mad. Fifth Tone: †§ This tone is also known as the neutral tone. Has no symbol over the vowel (ma) or is sometimes preceded with a dot (†§ma) and is pronounced flatly without any intonation. Sometimes its just slightly softer than first tone. There is another tone as well, used only for certain words and is designated by an umlaut or  ¨ or two dots over the vowel (lü). The standard way of explaining how to pronounce this is to purse your lips and say ee then end in an oo sound. Its one of the hardest Chinese tones to master so it may help to find a Chinese-speaking friend and ask them to pronounce the word for green, and listen closely!

Singapore Airline Industries Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Singapore Airline Industries - Research Paper Example These two policies have to be adapted to produce excellent services for an airline. Research has shown that poor services in the airline industry result from social, technological human factors and not technology. The Human Resource contributes highly to ensuring the airline has customer-centric, learning-oriented workforce that adapts to changes. The airline industry is competitive, safety sensitive, and there raised technology (Holloway, 1998). It is thus necessary to ensure the organization’s employees are competent enough. The Singapore airlines adopt this by strictly checking on the staff. Staff training, development, and aim to reach the highest performance standards are what makes Singapore Airlines stand. Singapore airline has a training center, opened in January 1993 and located at Singapore. It is the hub of airlines’ training programs. It offers pieces of training of the cabin crew, flight crew commercial and IT training. This paper covers how Singapore airli nes use Human Resource concepts or methods to perform internal and external recruitment and staffing. Flight crew training at the Singapore training center The Singapore Flying College (SFL) conducts basic flying pieces of training, also called ab-initio training (Heracleous, et al. 2009). These services provided for Singapore Airlines, Singapore airline cargo, and Silk Air cadet pilots. They issued with an Air Transport Pilot License with the instrument rating. Initial ab-initio training takes place in Singapore at Seletar airport. The intermediate and final phases of 15 months carried out at Jandakok (a branch of the college). In Seletar, Cessna 152 planes used while Cessna 172s planes used in jandakot Three-quarters of the flying training had done in Western Australia while all the ground training done in Singapore. Cadet pilots trained at the college of Singapore, Jandakot, Western Australia and Maroochydore, Queensland. Cadet pilots proceed to Advanced Flight Training (AFT) at Maroochydore in Australia for basic flight training where they train on the Learjet 45 for three months (Heracleous et al, 2009). A Learjet 45 is a high-performance jet with a twin engine. Cadets finish 70 flight hours in the leaser 45 and other exams then proceed to Singapore airlines Flight crew training center for specialized training. The Flight Crew training center has seven simulators that replicate cockpits of aircrafts operated by Singapore Airlines (Heracleous & Wirtz, 2010, p.45). They can also simulate the various motions of flight. The center contains a cabin evacuation trainer who trains the crew on how to deal with emergencies and procedures of evacuation in case of one. They check the biennial proficiency for all pilots. Safety training carried out where firefighting and life raft boarding drills administered to pilots and cabin crew. There is also training of the safety pool that can stimulate waves, water evacuation training, a series of fire-fighting drills and six -door training. First- aid training takes place at the center at this stage. Ground studies This is where classroom studies take place. The method majorly used is the Computer-based training (CBT). A team of qualified instructors gives technical instructions about the aircraft systems and performance.

Who was John Collier, and what role did he play in creating a New Deal Research Paper

Who was John Collier, and what role did he play in creating a New Deal for Native People - Research Paper Example John Collier became commissioner of Indian affairs in 1933 as appointed by President Roosevelt. Under Collier’s governance, federal policies had sweeping and permanent changes in favor of the Indians. One of these federal policies was the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which was also known as the â€Å"Indian New Deal† or the â€Å"Wheeler-Howard Act†1. The Indian Reorganization Act under Collier made lasting changes in the federal policy concerning Native Americans. One of these changes is ending the allotment of the tribal land to non-Native Americans. Two other changes include the act encouraging tribes to establish their own self-government and building a loan in order to finance tribe members who are putting up a business2. Prior to and aside from becoming a commissioner of Indian affairs, John Collier was also the executive secretary for the American Indian Defense Association, or AIDA, an organization which he himself founded in 1923, in order to fight for the protection of tribal property and religious freedom of Native Americans. Through the institution of AIDA, Collier was able to recommend doing away with the teaching to Indians of only the cultural values of whites. At the same time, it recommended that that Indian Service must provide the youth and their parents the necessary tools that will help them adapt not only to whites but also to Indians3. John Collier also asked Congress for the repeal of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This particular law pressured American Indian tribes to abolish their own community lands and to have individually owned lands instead. The purpose of this was to promote Indian assimilation into the society of American whites. The Bureau of Indian Affairs, which Collier headed in 1933 provided for the successful passing of the Indian Reorganization Act in Congress4. John Collier’s idea of a â€Å"New Deal† for American Indians during his time definitely was all about the betterment o f this particular group of people. He became commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1933 and so helped reform law in favor of the Indians through the Indian Reorganization Act. He was also the founder and executive secretary of the American Indian Defense Association, which issued recommendations on how Indians should be treated and educated. Lastly, he asked Congress to repeal the Dawes Act of 1887 in order to protect the tribal lands of the Indians. Explain French patterns of contact with Native Americans: How did their goals and type of colonization affect the success or failure of relations with Native groups? The French colonizers’ diplomacy and immersion into Native American culture guaranteed the success of their colonization. The French arrived in North America in the 1600s5, and established their colony there. However, unlike the British, who did not respect the natives, the French afforded them with the best treatment as possible. The success of the colonial techniques o f the French that helped them establish New France in Canada was mainly due to their immersion in American Indian culture. The French were very interested in the culture and customs of Native Americans. The French took the time to learn the languages, habits and the ways of the Native American

The Medici’s and their Art Essay Example for Free

The Medici’s and their Art Essay The Santa Maria Basilica facade resembles something out of the Arabian Nights. It is one of the most recognisable and authentic of the great basilicas in Florence. The basilica also houses some of the most important works of art in Florentine history. It attempts above all to create a relationship between science and art and in so doing, becomes the essence of Renaissance thought. Like many Renaissance and post Renaissance works in Florence, the Santa Maria Basilica or Basilica di santa Maria Novella was not only a product of intense artistic change, but also a product of one of the most important family cartels in artistic history. The name Medici is one that is synonymous with gracious buildings and immaculate architecture, as well as large amounts of money. When considering the Medici family, it must borne in mind that not only were they great architects and patrons, but they also had great power within the church. In fact the Medici family had more influence on most aspects of Florentine life, than any other family. They were and remain in history, the Renaissance version of the Rothchilds, Rockerfellers and Getty’s. This enigmatic family is one whose legacy remains in art history, not because of what they created, but because of what they encouraged. Who were the Medici? In order to better understand how and why the Medici family became so influential, we need to understand where they came from and what their social standing allowed them to achieve. The Medici family is associated with great wealth, but also with some controversy. The Medici family can be traced back to the 12th century and were not seen to be nobility but rather belonged to a line of the patrician class (Van Helden). By the 13th century the family had acquired great wealth through commerce and banking, something that leant itself to political power. Eventually the Medici family became a strong political force in Florence (Van Helden). This political power led to Salvestro de’Medici moving into high ceremonial office (otherwise known as gonfaliere). Salvestro, in the 14th century led a revolt with the ‘common people’, ultimately culminating in the Medici downfall. It was Giovanni di Bicci de’Medici who restored the family name to its former glory as well as even increasing their political prowess (Van Helden). Despite this historical discussion, there was of course, a line Medici’s with whom we are specifically concerned. It was Giovanni’s son who bore the children with whom the Renaissance is associated (Van Helden). It was also this family line in which murder would become a central interest. Guiliano and Lorenzo, the grandsons of Cosimo the elder and sons of Piero were killed and wounded respectively during an internal battle (Van Helden). The Medici family crest is recognisable wherever the Medici influence reaches. Among the distinguished Medici’s are Popes and Grand Dukes, meaning that the family as a whole stretched beyond simply the commercial and financial world. These were the Grand Dukes of Tuscany and to name but a few consisted of Cosimo I, Giovanni and Pietro. The Medici Popes included Clement VII and Leo X (Wikipedia). Indeed, to undertake a more involved discussion will be beyond the scope of this discussion and to this end is far too complicated. However, certain Medici members were of greater influence in the art world than others. The Legacy of the Medici The legacy of the Medici family is well known and remembered particularly due to their rise from ordinary or patrician’s to nobility. Perhaps most clearly of all, we see them as the creators who planted the seeds of modernity during a Renaissance that proved irrevocable in its changes. In fact the Renaissance as such appears to be â€Å"less as the rebirth or revival of a distant and glorious antiquity than as the origin and beginning of the modern world, the prototype of modern European civilisation. †(Garraty and Gay, 488). The Renaissance was not merely about the production and emancipation of art, but also about the creation of a modernised medicine, science and finance. The Medici were at the forefront of all three, with the Medici bank cleverly avoiding the fall of the economy following the Black Death (Garraty and Gay, 489). So far, we are able to ascertain that the Medici were a family of great political and economic concern but that the types of Medici also included clergymen, tyrants and nobility. We also know that with the amount of money available to the Medici, patronage was not only acceptable but expected. The legacy left by the Medici is not only financial and noble, but also available to us for viewing at any time we want. Patronage To be a patron of a specific form of art or indeed, any art, meant that you had great social standing and great wealth. To commission works of art was costly and time consuming, meaning that you were not only able to appreciate it, but that you could also afford ongoing work. Patronage was an important part of Italian Renaissance life, based on the societal norms and values. To patronise a community or an artist meant that you were not only gracious but also wealthy enough to put money into something that essentially did not create more wealth for you. Was this merely a status symbol or was there more to the practice of patronage than we believe at this stage? First of all, patronage included the embellishment and growth of public buildings and artefacts (Annenberg Media). Art during the Renaissance required the outside and the inside to both resemble works of art in different mediums. Brunelleschi and Botticelli were two of the best known artists patronised by the Medici and who uphold the proposition of art as an interior and an exterior (Anneberg Media). The Medici remained the forerunners of artistic patronage mainly because of their love of the extravagant and larger than life lifestyles (Harness). I can thus, given their humble beginnings, understand why the Medici might want to share their wealth with the rest of the world by virtue of creating beautiful surroundings that the public could also enjoy. Although this may be difficult to assimilate given the previous feudal system, it is perhaps relevant to note that the Black Death incited what is known today as philanthropy. Philanthropists generally enjoy alleviating pain and suffering through the aid that they are able to meter out to their fellow humans. Prior to the Renaissance, this was perhaps not a common occurrence, but like AIDS today, the Black Death knew no boundaries. It affected whoever, wherever. For this reason, perhaps it became more necessary to attend to the needs of other people. It was also important to the merchant community of Florence, to spread the education of art, science and mathematics (Harness). Hence the saying that knowledge is power comes to mind. It is also notable, that a patron becomes more politically popular if they uphold the growth of knowledge for their minions as well as providing an income for those who would largely find their career difficult to pursue. The purpose of this civic duty became, although not perhaps initially intended to, a political tool to provide trust between the civil servant and the government (Trexler, 27). In a sense, it was meant to bridge the gap of inequality but was not altogether successful, creating a great deal of stress for the patron (Trexler, 28). â€Å"This sub-governmental system was the patronage network, the everyday lines of communication regulating social relations. In this network, as in formal government, men styled themselves each others true amici, and despised the love of the merchant: You help me, and Ill help you. †Ã¢â‚¬ (Trexler, 27-28). The Medici Crest Above on Figure 1 is a basic picture of the Medici family crest. It shows six balls of red placed in an oval shape upon a mustard yellow background. The Medici â€Å"balls† as they became sarcastically known as were not only a feature emblazoned on all Medici buildings, but also one that became known for its overt publicity. Rivals of the Medici were outraged at the Medici blazon being so clearly visible to the public and thought it to be in rather bad taste (Fillipo). Despite this, the blazon’s origin is surrounded by much debate although it is clearly visible on all Medici buildings. One thought on the origin is that the balls represent either coins (merchant origins) or pills (medical origins) based on the Medici practices and occupations. Some believe that rather than it being swathed in apothecary history, it is the sign of Arte del Cambio, a guild of moneychangers and exchangers (Fillipo). Nonetheless, this blazon has become well known as the essential historical beginnings of the merchant bank. Below is an example of how the Medici blazon is used on buildings that were built on Medici money. The Medici Artists Artists who were patronised by the Medici included the aforementioned Sandro Botticelli and Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, Donatello, Fillipino Lippi, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Brunelleschi. These all make up some of the greatest names in Florentine art history. It pays to note that all of the above artists were great names and we need to not how much of this greatness might have been due to the presence of the Medici. Fillipo Brunelleschi Fillipo Bru nelleschi had a love-hate relationship with Cosimo de’Medici, despite completing many works with the man. Brunelleschi, along with artist Ghiberti vied for the artistic attentions of Cosimo, but did not always win the bids. He created for Cosimo, the Santa Maria Novella sculpture, the Crucifix and the Santa Maria del Fiore cupola alongside arch-rival Ghiberti. His bid for the design of the Pallazzo was overturned in favour of his pupil Michelozzo (Provincia di Firenze). Allesandro Botticelli Botticelli served as an apprentice to a goldsmith and is thought to have become the closest of all artists to the Medici (Pottinger, 118). Botticelli is famed as having painted the interior of the Santa Maria Novella with a fresco of the Adoration of the Magi, in which he painted three Medici’s as the Kings: Cosimo, Guiliano and Giovanni (Pottinger, 118). However, his relationship with the Medici was not with Cosimo, but with Lorenzo, a member of a different branch of the Medici (Pottinger, 118). Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Da Vinci was supported by Lorenzo in his early career, although it is largely agreed that Medici neglected the talents of the young Da Vinci (Pottinger, 119). Michelangelo, similarly fell under the patronage of Medici, given his tutorship with another Medici artist Ghirlandaio (Pottinger, 119). Medici therefore did support the earlier careers of the two geniuses that would become the greatest artists of the later Renaissance period. Domenico Ghirlandaio Ghirlandaio is best known as the first of Michelangelo’s esteemed teachers. He also became known, like Botticelli, for his reverence towards Lorenzo. This was seen in his subjects’ likenesses to the man who patronised him (Pottinger, 117). The Refectory of the Ognissanti shows a fresco of the Last Supper with such likenesses present. The Sassetti Chapel at Santa Trinita also reveals this portraiture although his painting remains in the earlier style of Renaissance painting. Ghirlandaio did not enjoy painting women and found the male form far more intriguing. This is seen in the Santa Maria Novella choir paintings of the Tornabuani family, where the female features, though still beautiful, are considered lifeless (Pottinger, 117). Fillipino Lippi Lippi was one of Botticelli’s proteges and shows the style of Botticelli very well. Working primarily for Cosimo, Lippi landed himself in a number of problems due to his insatiable appetite for the gentler sex. In fact, working for Cosimo meant that commissions had to be done under the watchful eye of the Medici to prevent his romantic pursuits that led to melancholic intervals where he refused to leave his room (Life of an Artist). Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi (Donatello) Donatello was a close friend of Cosimo de’Medici and for this reason he was assigned the painting of the frieze in the Palazzo Medici (Pottinger, 132). He recreated the antique cameo’s to provide a divine and luscious frieze and roundels (Pottinger, 132). He apprenticed under Ghiberti, another famous and interactive artist in the Italian Renaissance. Donatello sculpted the figure of the dead pirate Baldassare Cossa in bronze, for Cosimo (Devillier Donegan). What we have in the above discussion, is a list of some of the finest artists not only of the Renaissance, but of all time. The pertinence of this is the reach that the Medici had as the proponents of fine art. The abovementioned artists are all quite different both in character and in style, but all contributed to some of the most famous and revered works in history. It is notable that the Medici are credited with finding and upholding this classicism as well as reaching for a new and modernised world. The artists also all contributed to the arts in different ways: sculptors, painters, inventors and architects. Medici Buildings Touring Florence, I became irrevocably aware of the influence of the Medici on architecture and art of that period. What is most fascinating is the length and breadth of the ability of the Medici to make them memorable and also to make art something of great value. The crest of the Medici is visible all around Florence, in churches, libraries and museums. The Medici performed the same tasks as other great personalities such as Peter the Great of Russia and the Athens of Pericles. It was this influence that I noticed beyond all, that this family had the ability and the motivation to create a Florence that would last it must be said, longer than the previously mentioned empires. Not only have they succeeded in producing the future and the past in one capsule, but they have also managed to preserve their legacy. We have a lot to be grateful for in terms of being able to make contact with our past through the works that the Medici sponsored.

Analysis of The Man He Killed, Reconciliation, and Dreamers Essay

Analysis of The Man He Killed, Reconciliation, and Dreamers In the chosen poems, Thomas Hardy, Walt Whitman, and Sigfried Sassoon each have a common viewpoint: war brings out the worst in man, a feeling buried deep inside the heart. Even with this clotting of the mind due to the twisting ways of war, a flicker of remorse, a dream of someplace, something else still exists within the rational thought. These poems express hope, the hope that war will not be necessary. They show that man only kills because he must, not because of some inbred passion for death. These three authors express this viewpoint in their own ways in their poems: "The Man He Killed", "Reconciliation", and "Dreamers". In The Man He Killed, Hardy speaks about the absurdity of war. He gives a narrative of how he kills a "foe", and that this "foe" could be a friend if they met "by some old ancient inn", instead of the battlefield. Hardy says "...quaint and curious war is...you shoot a fellow down you'd treat if met where any bar is..." In this Hardy speaks how war twists the mind, and also makes you kill people you have no personal vendetta against. In Reconciliation, Whitman shows the devastation of war. In a war, you kill someone and even if you win, you lose. Whitman describes a man mourning over the death of his foe. He rejoices over the ultimate death of war "Beautiful that war and all its deeds of carnage must...be utterly lost." He also feels great remorse over his so called e...

Is Reading Enough? Essay

Lyrical Ballads was an experimental book of poems written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge in the late seventeen hundreds. This book of poems was called experimental because the style it was written in was unlike anything of that time. In this collection of poems is a poem written by Wordsworth called â€Å"The Tables Turned.† At first glance of this poem, one can assume that this is an anti-intellectual poem. Reason for this is in the opening paragraph when the speaker in the poem tells his friend to, â€Å"quit his books.† So why would Wordsworth and Coleridge write a book against books? For starters, this poem is against conventional learning. The person that is being spoken to in this paper is probably a common person who at that time is under the notion that you can learn everything and anything from a book. The speaker of the poem calls books a â€Å"dull and endless strife.† This line must have sound as absurd then as it does now. In each semester of college so far, I am averaging about 10 books a semester that I have to read, which does gives the impression of endless. However, there are a countless number of books in the world, each with its own set of knowledge and information. So can books be considered dull? To top it all off, he goes on to say, â€Å"Come, here the woodland linnet / how sweet his music; on my life / there’s more of wisdom in it.† Is Wordsworth saying that there is more wisdom in the song of the woodland linnet than in a book? The answer to all these questions is yes and no. A woodland linnet can never teach someone calculus, psychology, or even how to tie ones shoe. However, no matter how much you can read, you will never hear the sound of music coming from the woodland linnet. This feeling that one receives from that experience is just as important, perhaps even more important, than reading about it. At the end of the poem Wordsworth goes on to say, â€Å"enough of science and of art†¦bring with you a heart / that watches and receives.† The words at the end are very peculiar. The heart is not the organ that stores knowledge or gives us sight. Wordsworth uses the word heart to imply feelings because that is what most people associate the word heart with. Wordsworth is saying that one needs more than just books, and pictures. Watches and receives are also interesting words. When someone watches something, one has to look out, and when someone receives something, one takes in. So the words watch and receive imply give and take, action and reaction. In other words, it means interaction. One needs to have this experience of interaction or else they will never fully understand. The poem â€Å"Old Man Traveling† (also by Wordsworth in the book Lyrical Ballads) has the same theme of needing experience. This poem is about and old man walking and someone is watching him. The person is watching the expressions of the man and saying what he thinks of him. So the person is reading the old man. The person says that the old man is â€Å"by nature led / to peace so perfect†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This deduces an image of a happy and peaceful man. The last part of the poem is different than the first. The person actually goes up to the old man and asks him where he is going. The old man replies that he is going to visit his dying son. The old man, then, really is not so peaceful and perfect. There is no way that the person could have derived this from just reading the man, the person needed interaction. So does reading and interaction go hand-in-hand? To one extent it does because reading is a kind of interaction. However, reading is only interaction between the person and the book. Reading can work with your mind and senses to create a picture in your mind. Nevertheless the only physical aspect of interaction with reading is the holding of the book. Reading offers very little physical interaction. Referring back to the original poem, the thought of needing more than books goes a little deeper. In line 28 of the poem, Wordsworth says â€Å"we murder to dissect.† Literally speaking, we have to murder an animal in order to analyze it and find out more about it. What is left at the end is a disgusting image of bones and blood of what use to be the animal that was being dissected. This can also connect to reading. In many literature classes, people often have to analyze a particular peace to find out what it really is implying. This means that the students go through line by line, and sometimes word by word, and try to come up with some metaphorical translation for the work. What is left is a whole bunch of random lines and words witch are the bones of the work, and a whole sea of ink as to what those bones can mean. In doing this, we often â€Å"murder† the original work. So what was once a poem is now a complicated mess. Wordsworth claims that â€Å"our meddling intellect / mishapes the beauteous forms of things.† Wordsworth acknowledges the fact that as a whole, humans have a desire to learn more, but at times this desire can be destructive. An example if this is a Seurat painting. If we dissect it, and take it apart, the closer that we look at it we will see a bunch of dots. By leaving it at that, and concluding that Seruat is a man whose paintings is just a bunch of dots, then we have murdered the painting. What we have to do after dissecting it, is to put it back to together, and realize the beauty in the work, and then take it a step further and say that he did that using pointillism. To take the idea a final step further, Wordsworth says, â€Å"one impulse from a vernal wood / may teach you more of man; / or moral evil and of good / than all the sages can.† One can sit down and read all about Buddha and Christ, but again, all that person is doing is reading. In only reading, one can never find out anything through experience or anything new because by reading books, you are never fully up to date because someone had to take the time to write the book and then you have to take the time to read it. This creates a kind of dungeon for ourselves which we our minds are trapped into what the books tell us to believe. In the poem â€Å"The Dungeon,† also in the book Lyrical Ballads though it is written by Coleridge, tells the story of a person in a dungeon. This is where we put people who offend us, and Wordsworth questions that in the poem by saying sarcastically, â€Å"and this is their best cure!† Wordsworth said that the energy of the person in the dungeon â€Å"roll(s) back upon his heart / and stagnate and corrupt; till changed to poison.† This poem is a story about a person in a dungeon, however this can be taken a s tep further by saying that this is what happens to a person if they make a mental dungeon. Their thoughts will stagnate and corrupt. In writing Lyrical Ballads, Coleridge and Wordsworth planned on using layman’s terms to get their point across. They do not use long elaborate words that can confuse some people, because they wanted their points to be clear and that everyone can understand them. So when Wordsworth tells the person in the poem â€Å"The Tables Turned† to â€Å"quit your books,† understand that he is saying that you need more to life than just books, you need experiences as well.

Evaluate and Use Information and Communications Technology Essay

The purpose of this essay is to research a technological toy, I focused on Bee Bots, which I use in my setting, evaluate and critically analyse the effectiveness of that toy in promoting children’s learning. Later I will demonstrate my personal use of ICT and a record of use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) over a period of one month as a professional role in promoting children’s development in my setting. Finally, I will reflect on my tracking sheet and identify the opportunity to develop ICT in communication with parents. According to Siraj-Blatchford, Whitebread (2003) in supporting children in their development of an early understanding of ICT we are concerned to support them in learning about a wide range of products that are used to manipulate, store, retrieve, transmit or receive information not only computers. Most of the ICT applications that we are familiar with today are put to use in electronic products such as telephones, audio and video, CD player, recorders, computers, television. I am going to focus on a programmable toy – Bee Bot. I chose that particular piece of ICT toy as we use it quite often in our setting. Bee Bot is a bright and a colourful and multi-sensory programmable floor robot, suitable for use in Early Years. According to Morgan, Siraj-Blatchford (2009) the use of programmable toys in early years educational settings is based upon the constructionist teaching approach, which is underpinned by the idea that learning can happen most effectively when people are actively engaged with doing and making things in the real world and was first developed by Papert, in 1993. Bee Bot â€Å"enable young children to learn through play about control and directional language and provides a perfect ‘hands on’ introduction to robotics† (Sprainger, 2007). Sturdy construction and colourful, easy-to-operate design is a perfect tool for teaching alphabet, number recognition, fine motor skills by using the directional buttons, and social skills such as turn taking. Direction keys are used to enter up to forty commands which send Bee Bot forward, back, left and right. Pressing the green ‘Go’ button starts the toy on its way. â€Å" Bee Bot blinks and beeps at the conclusion of each command to allow children to follow Bee Bot through the program they have entered and then confirms its competition with lights and sound† (Terapine Software, no date). It works on rough or smooth surfaces and is small enough to be used on a table (Inclusive Technology, no date). Bee Bot moves in 6†steps and 90 degree turns and compact size as well as durable material make Bee Bot child and classroom friendly. Bee Bot is equally adaptable to home and school environment, it can be use both indoor and outdoor and operates on three AA batteries (Interactive Learning in the Early Phase, No date). In 2005, Bee Bot was awarded a Gold Award at the Practical Pre-School Award in London and in 2006 Bee Bot was a winner of an Education Resources Award in the Primary ICT category awarded by The British Educational Suppliers Association (BESA), (TTS: Educational Supplies for Schools, Nurseries & Childminders , No date). After an initial introduction to the toy Bee Bot help children to engage in playful exploratory activity which allows for numerous opportunities such as self-initiated activity, which provide opportunities for quality adult-child and child-child interactions (Siraj-Blatchford, Whitebread, 2003). According to Light and Butterworth, activities requiring ‘joint attention’ and which involve ‘children learning to share’ provide a better cognitive challenge for young children than activities were they work alone† (Developmentally Appropriate Technology in Early Childhood, No date). Learning with the Bee Bot is a highly social experience and support communication and social skill development, children learn about negotiating, taking turns, sharing and peer work. The Bee Bot has the capacity to support children to develop a broad range of essential skills across curriculum and the only limit is the practitioner and children imagination. It is available with across curriculum mats to enhance children learning in all area of their development, therefore in my work place we adapt the mats that we already have in our setting and I still feel that we did not use its full potential. So far we used Bee Bot with Alphabet mat, and alphabet flash cards to extend children letter sound recognition and oral language development for children with English as an Additional Language (EAL) to support their listening and recalling skills. Number and shape mat is used to expand children mathematical skills such as counting, number recognition, positional language, shape recognition. Road mat is used to develop children orientation as they need to manipulate, orientate, track and rotate the Bee Bot as well as road safety skills. Using a Bee Bot also introduce the children to a range of science skills as they interpret design challenges, generate possible solutions, make plans, test and evaluate and modifying the program were necessary (Sprainger, 2007). I founded as well as a number of eachers around the world (see teachers reviews in Appendix C) that Bee Bot are good value for money (manufacture instruction enclose in Appendix B) and the only disadvantage I can find is that after each activity program needs to be cleared in order to reprogrammed again. Although, it is clear that ICT should be used ‘to develop skills across all six areas of learning’ it is the ‘Knowledge and Understanding of the World ’ strand alone in the guidance that makes direct reference to ICT usage. â€Å"It is clear that young children are computer†¦ literate at an early age† (Keating, 2007, pg. 126). According to DATEC (No date) any application introduced to children in order to develop understanding and experience of ICT should not just be enjoyable, although this is important but more importantly should be educationally effective. Children need a variety of applications which encourage a range of development, including creativity, self-expression and language. From analysing my tracking sheet which recorded the use of ICT in my setting (details in Appendix A) I must admit that I was quite impressed with the amount of ICT equipment we use with children each day without even realising. From the tracking sheet I understood how important modelling and collaborative play is in Early Years. Programmable toys and many screen based applications offer the possibility of collaboration but adult intervention is frequently needed to gain the most from the ICT ‘equipment’. According to the UK Effective Provision of Preschool Education (EPPE) (Sylva et al, 2004), and Researching Effective Pedagogy in Early Childhood (REPEY) (Siraj-Blatchford et al, 2002) studies have found that the most effective foundation stage settings combined the provision of free play opportunities with more focused group work involving adult instruction. This approach appears to be most desirable model to promote ICT and I must proudly admitted that we are focusing on small group activities to meet all children’s needs, especially with EAL children. The relationship between cognitive strategies and language development is currently regarded as central to understanding children’s difficulties developing language as a first or additional language. Skinner emphasizes the roles of imitation, repetition, reward and reinforcement in formal language teaching situation (Lewis, Norwich, 2005). Adult-child interactions that involved some elements of ‘sustained shared thinking’ were especially valuable in terms of children’s early learning† (Siraj-Blatchford, and Siraj-Blatchford, No date). Activities I have provided for the children in my setting are differentiated according to their interest, age and learning style and were â€Å"targeted at learner’s educational needs and stage of understanding† (Hurst, 1997, pg. 82), as according to Miller, Devereoux (2004, pg155) â€Å"children need to be able to experiment, repeat activities in variety of ways and have some control over a pace of what they are doing†¦ ollaborate with adult and each other and share their discoveries and triumphs†. Furthermore, the work of Bruner and Vygotsky suggests that â€Å"we actually come to understand what it is we think through talk† (Moyles, 1995). â€Å"Bruner showed that children need to be reminded of previous experience†¦ by pictures, books†¦ he called this ‘iconic thinking’, he also felt that role of adult was important†¦ as†¦ adult provides support as children develop their competence and confidence† (Tassoni, H uccker, 2005, pg. 31). I believe that according to North, McKeown, (2005, pg. 72) â€Å"ICT meets all learners styles as it â€Å"lets pupils learn by looking, listening and doing†. â€Å"Although the evidence on gender differences in attitudes towards computer-related activities, levels of participation with computers,†¦ it appears that girls perform just as well as boys when they engage with computer-based learning† ( Bancroft, Carr, 1998, pg. 104) and it has been proved in my setting that girls get involved as equally often and well in ICT related equipment as boys. From my tracking I also realised that we are meeting entire requirement as Every Child Matter (2008) suggested relating to observation, assessment, planning, key person by using ICT equipments such as cameras, video recorder, Interactive White Board (IWB) and Fronter – School Blackboard (explained deeply in Appendix D), which is available through London Managed Learning Environment (MLE) (Ealing Grid for Learning, No date) and all the staff have been given training on it. Children from key stage one and two are able to access Fronter from home and share their school life with their parents. In the sector I work in – Early Years Foundation Stage parents are given individual logins and passwords to be able to track what is happening in our nursery each term, check any events that are taking place in school but in my opinion working with parents in relation of ICT is an area that needs improving. I discovered three main issues that must be improved in my opinion to develop a better communication and build better relationship with our parents. First of all, I must mention that even though as a school staff we have opportunities for professional development and ICT â€Å"supporting learning† (Teaching and Learning, No date). Training are usually organised by our school ICT co-ordinator. Insets quite frequently and I recognise myself as being a computer literate person thus we must consider that not all of our parents â€Å"can present barrier† (Plowman, Stephen, 2003, pg. 160) and perhaps school could extend ‘children Fronter club’ for ‘parents Fronter club’ to help parents overcome that barrier as â€Å"home school link and parents involvement is therefore a component of effective school† (Curriculum Guidance, 2001). Secondly, the language barrier could be one of the reasons why parents are not so keen on using our School Blackboard. To overcome this barrier after having an Inset with my manager we decided that the school news letter both in electronic form and hard copy could be translated in the most common spoken languages in our school, such as Tamil, Somali, Arabic and Farsi. As a Foundation Stage Practitioners we all agree that when â€Å"parents, teachers and children collaborate towards the same goals it leads to the improved academic performance of children† (Curriculum Guidance, 2001). Lastly, in my opinion the main issue could be, as the school is situated in low-income industrial area, that not all household might have an access to the computer. According to Morgan, Siraj-Blatchford (2009) research evidence has shown that the efforts of parents and preschools can make a considerable difference to children’s future educational achievements regardless of their socio-economic background and current national policy initiatives aim is to close the gap in educational achievement for children from disadvantaged background. â€Å"One of the ways in which this commitment has manifested itself has been in the Government’s three hundred million pounds Home Access project which provides computers and internet access to families to enhance learning at home† (Morgan, Siraj-Blatchford , 2009, pg. 13). Our school received the funding three years ago and designed the ‘parent computer room’ which was very popular at the begging but now seems to be forgotten. I think it is a good time to bring up that issue during the Inset to make use of that room again. When talking about ICT I must mention about a â€Å"number of queries and concerns regarding health and safety issues and other risks, which may be associated with technology routinely used by young children (Morgan, Siraj-Blatchford, 2009, pg. 39) , such as using electricity . Our children are thought not to â€Å"investigate or play with any equipment that uses mains electricity† (Creary, 2002, pg. 4) and all sockets are protected with socket protector to eliminate any hazards. According to Health and Safety at Work Act (1974) Portable Appliance Testing (PAT Testing and Portable Appliance, No date) is required once a year and our school has passed one two weeks ago. It is important that while children learn about ICT they also learn how to manage their own space and select the right tools when sitting at the computer. According to Morgan, Siraj-Blatchford (2009) it is therefore advisable that the regular use of any computer application by three years old child should not be longer than ten to twenty minutes. Young children, parents and practitioners are using ICT in novel and creative ways† (Morgan, Siraj-Blatchford, 2009, pg. 40) and it is important to use all available ICT equipment safely. Our school leaders with ICT co-ordinator â€Å"consider the issue of e-safety† (E-safety, No date) and drew Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) (See Appendix E). According to Every Child Matter (2008), suitable premises, environment and equipment our outdoor and indoor spaces, furniture, equipment and toys are safe as they are checked on regular basis and school is monitored by CCTV camera and locked.

Lajja- a Cultural Analysis Essay Example

Lajja Lajja- a Cultural Analysis Paper Lajja- a Cultural Analysis Paper Title: LAJJA- A CULTURAL ANALYSIS â€Å"Galti uski hi hogi†¦who ladki jo hai† . How many of us are familiar with this statement? How many of us have experienced something like this? The answer is a lot, a lot which cannot be counted. If its rape, it is the girl’s fault as she must have allowed it; if its eve-teasing, it’s again the girl’s fault as she must have been provocative. Every time a girl is victimised, people go against her and instead of punishing the criminal, the girl is accused. In this project, the movie ‘LAJJA’ has been taken up as an example of the oppressions done on women across the country. In historical terms, oppression of women is a relatively new phenomenon. Six thousand years ago, the oppression of women arose after the division of society into classes and the emergence of class society. Prior to this there was no domination of a man over woman, or a man over man. Only with the development of the slave empires of Mesopotania, Egypt, Greece and Rome did the exploitation came into action as before that there was no surplus created, only enough to survive. This movie highlights many social issues pertaining to the women. The movie revolves around four women who in one form or the other are oppressed by the society. Vaideihi (Manisha Koirala) is a married woman who has no other choice but accept her husband’s extra marital affairs. The day she decides to take a stand for herself, she is banished from her husband’s household. Meanwhile she finds out she’s pregnant and goes back to her parent’s house. There she is rejected too, saying that this will bring shame to the family. So, we see how deep the social culture has influenced us that it forced a mother to abandon her own daughter at the time she needed her the most. Maithilli (Mahima Choudhary) is troubled by the unreasonable demand of excessive dowry by the groom’s father which her father is unable to meet. Maithilli seeing this, calls off the marriage as she couldn’t see her father being humiliated any more. Every day there are so many such brides who, due to their inability of giving dowry, lose their marriage. These oppressions do not stop even after marriage. Once the bride is married she is insulted and asked for more dowries by her in-laws. After which she is tortured if she is unable to fulfil the demands. Even though taking or giving dowry is against the law, it is still practiced in many parts of the country. Not only in the rural areas, but dowry is encouraged in the educated class of society as well. Another victim in the movie is Janki(Madhuri Dixit) who is a theatre actress and is in love with her colleague. She is pregnant and doesn’t care about the norms of society. Janki is lusted after by the owner of the theatre who exploits her. The owner misleads Janki’s boyfriend and makes him doubt her integrity. In a Raamleela performance, she being the Sita, has to take the agneepariksha after she comes back from lanka. Janki refuses to walk through it saying that why should women always prove themselves to gain trust and respect. If a man performs adultery, he would not be even questioned. But a woman, just because she is a woman, has to be pure and safeguard her family’s name in the society. Janki says, â€Å"If Sita would not have taken the agni pariksha, the women of today would not have suffered the tantrums thrown at them. Janki is assaulted by the audience and is beaten up which leads her to miscarry her baby. The fourth woman, Raamdulari is a midwife in a village. She is more literate as compared to the other women of the village and in turn educates these women. Raamdulari strongly opposes the leaders of village. Later in the movie, she is gang raped and burnt alive by a group of henchmen sent by the village leaders. There are many such ‘Raamdularis’ in India whose voices go unheard, who are oppressed in this ruthless society of mail dominance. It doesn’t matter if a woman is raped, abused or killed as it would be said that she deserved it. The film clearly points a finger at how a male dominated society treats women. Women never feel the same freedom which men have. Where a girl is expected to be home by seven in the evening , the boy has no such restrictions. Women are never asked about their feelings, their desires, their emotions. A woman is just expected to cook, clean and produce children. But the situation is improving gradually as the literacy rates in the urban and rural areas are increasing. The woman no longer is just a homemaker. She has started contributing to the family income too. But many a times these women are exploited by their husbands and forced to give their earned salaries to them. Though being independent, they cannot enjoy the true meaning of independence. Whether rural or urban the plight of women is the same. In the urban areas, women have started taking a stand for themselves as they are getting more and more aware. Women in India are either killed at birth, face difficulties in getting married unless the dowry is paid, accused of being unfaithful, raped or killed. Such instances are never-ending. Interestingly, not only in India but other parts of the globe too, the women are exploited and oppressed. What we as a part of the society can do is spread awareness, encourage more and more women to get educated. Otherwise, if we don’t decide to take a stand now, then it will become so grave that how much ever we’ll want to eradicate the matter it will only get worse. After all, the greatness of a civilization can only be measured by the status of its women. Well ye know What woman is, for none of woman born Can choose but drain the bitter dregs of woe Which ever to the oppressed from the oppressors flow. -SHELLEY Bibliography 1. Lajja. Dir. Rajkumar santoshi. perf. Madhuri Dixit, Rekha, Manisha Koirala, Mahima Choudhary. Prod. Rajkumar Santoshi. writ. Ranjit Kapoor, Rajkumar Santoshi. Santoshi productions, 2001 2. Rob Sewell. The origins of womens oppression.. 05 september 2001. marxist. com/origins-womens-oppression. htm 3. Lajja Poster. google. co. in/imgres? q=lajjahl=ensa=Xgbv=2tbm=isch prmd=ivnsbtbnid=kdAZHYUtaw5n7M: imgrefurl= 4. chakpak. com /movie/lajja/11902docid=W16XdwZh GJbT3Mw=190h=215ei=Do4sTq6GJYX prQfc- eCxDQzoom=1iact=hcvpx=431vpy= 306dur=4735hovh=172hovw=1 52tx =84ty=130page=1tbnh=145tbnw=1 45start=0ndsp=18ved=1t:429,r:7,s:0biw=1366bih=643

State Gemstones and Dates They Were Adopted

State Gemstones and Dates They Were Adopted Thirty-five of the 50 states have designated an official state gem or gemstone. Montana and Nevada have both named two (one precious and one semiprecious), while Texas has named a state gem and gemstone cut.   Most of the gem names are linked to the picture gallery of state gemstones. The Adoption Date link goes to the best existing material from the respective state government or science institution. More detail below the table.   State Gemstone Adoption Date Alabama Star blue quartz 1990 Alaska Jade 1968 Arizona Turquoise 1974 Arkansas Diamond 1967 California Benitoite 1985 Colorado Aquamarine 1971 Florida Moonstone 1970 Georgia Quartz 1976 Hawaii Black coral 1987 Idaho Star garnet 1967 Kentucky Freshwater pearl 1986 Louisiana Cabochon cut oyster shell 2011 Maine Tourmaline 1971 Maryland Patuxent River stone 2004 Massachusetts Rhodonite 1979 Michigan Chlorastrolite (pumpellyite) 1973 Minnesota Lake Superior agate 1969 Montana SapphireMontana agate 19691969 Nebraska Blue agate 1967 Nevada Nevada turquoiseVirgin Valley black fire opal 19871987 New Hampshire Smoky quartz 1985 New Mexico Turquoise 1967 New York Almandine garnet 1969 North Carolina Emerald 1973 Ohio Ohio flint 1965 Oregon Oregon sunstone 1987 South Carolina Amethyst 1969 South Dakota Fairburn agate 1966 Tennessee Freshwater pearls 1979 Texas Texas Blue topazLone Star Cut (gemstone cut) 19691977 Utah Topaz 1969 Vermont Grossular garnet 1991 Washington Petrified wood 1975 West Virginia Fossil coral Lithostrotionella 1990 Wyoming Nephrite jade 1967 A gemstone is not necessarily a sparkling crystal- the majority of state gemstones are not crystalline minerals, but rather colorful rocks that look their best as flat, polished cabochons (perhaps in a bolo tie, belt buckle or ring). Most are unpretentious, inexpensive stones with democratic appeal.   Above all else, the gems are unique to or represent their state in some fashion.  Arkansas adoption of diamond as their state gem, for example, is due to the state having the only public diamond deposit in the USA. On the other hand, Floridas state gem (moonstone) is not actually found in Florida. Instead, its adoption  is a tribute to the role that the state played in the  1969 moon landing. Of course, state legislators do not follow the same guidelines as geologists for how they classify a gem. In many cases, states have named rocks, minerals or even fossils  as their gem or gemstone.   Helpful Links Many gems have both a gemstone name and a mineral name, cross-listed in  this pair of tables.  My favorite and most easily navigable site for all state symbols is  statesymbolsusa.org.   Be sure to check out my list of state fossils, state minerals and state rocks. You might find that the lawmakers did not necessarily follow the geologic rule book for those classifications, either.   Edited by Brooks Mitchell

Union bank of norway for MKTG 4760 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Union bank of norway for MKTG 4760 - Essay Example These gave the bank the advantage over its competitors and remain affected by the economic turmoil. The above strategy of the company also bought about a crisis. As customers were offered automated ways to use their services, they now did not have to physically come to the bank. This meant that the staffs in the various branches were not able to have direct communication with the customers. That is, the bank no more had direct access to its customer and in turn did not know what their customers wanted. This was a dangerous place to be in for any business. A business can only sustain and grow only by knowing what the customer wants and according developing the business. Hence, it was very important for the bank to find a way out of this crisis. In order to come out of this crisis the company had to consolidate the information (customer data) available to them about the customers through its automated services. But the main problem here was that the customer data was spread across many systems and it would take days to accumulate and consolidate this data. The bank concluded that the only way to overcome this was to get a have all the customer data from different systems at one place. This would give them the complete view of the customers. The bank then acquired a data warehouse with the aim of consolidating the customer data from various systems and makes it available to its employees on a single centralised platform where they could analyse it. This helped the bank in numerous ways. The bank was now able to identify who their customers were, their interests, their buying behaviour, etc. This also gave the bank the 360-degree view of the customer. The bank was now in a better position to understand what their customers wanted and designs their products and services accordingly. The data warehouse solved the problem of not understanding the customer but the communication with customer was still a problem. Hence, in order to overcome this, the bank

How the respective elements of Hospitality, Cultures and People are Essay

How the respective elements of Hospitality, Cultures and People are enacted in the organisation - Essay Example The hotel offers luxurious accommodation to its clients. The organizational structure comprises of two divisions including the Hongkong mainland hotels and those in the Asia Pacific and Dubai. This paper will explore the enactment of various elements of the organization, which include hospitality, culture & people. It also highlights issues that the organisation faces in relation to these elements. The paper also provides recommendations as regards improvement on delivery and management of these elements by the organization. Hospitality organizations are usually focused on maintaining a competitive advantage in the industry through maintaining strong relations with their clients. It is important to understand while engaging in the hospitality industry that consumers will always make a rational choice, mainly to go for the alternative that will give them maximum satisfaction (Paula et al. 2008). In other words, they are free to seek services from the provider whom they feel is most pleasing. Competition in the hospitality industry has increased due to Liberalization of trade whereby investors are free to establish business beyond political boundaries. Large multinational companies are competing with local companies and hence each company in the hospitality industry has to develop strategies to enable it to maintain competitiveness. Effectiveness depends on the organization’s ability to market its products and maintain reputation in the market. To the customers in the hospitality industry, competit ion among service providers is to their advantage. This is because competitors improve their services in a bid to attract more consumers (Hatch and Cunliffe, 2006). Hofsted defines culture as a tool that the mind applies to guide a person’s day to day activities and interactions with others. He believes that culture is a collective aspect of a population that has occupied a particular social environment where individuals learn

Human Resource Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Human Resource Interview - Essay Example We are supported by the state government and our staff strength comprise of 440 full time and about 200 part time faculty/employees. While leading a non-profit organization my role is to supervise the smooth running of the institution and objective try to achieve the goals set by the vision and mission statement. I am responsible for managing the Human Resources and to arrange and organize funding, training and administration of this division. I report to the Principal. The mission statement: We identify and meet the educational needs, primarily of adults, in our principal geographic service area of northeast Dallas, Richardson, and Harland. We offer courses, programs, and services to enable students to achieve their educational goals, and become lifelong leaders, community builders, and global citizens. We enable employees to model excellence in their service to students, colleagues, and community. A2: We own several properties that have been converted into campuses. Richmond is located in Dallas and is the largest amongst them. It comprises of ten buildings surrounded by lakes and parks. Being environment friendly is one great challenge. The other is dealing with a great number of nationalities that constitute our students. Managing cultural diversities harmoniously is another great challenge. All this requires that the faculty and staff be very considerate and this is a great HRM challenge to ensure an amicable atmosphere all around. But this human capital needs monetary capital for training and compensation and that too poses a great challenge for me. A3: Of course there are other challenges that one faces in such a diverse and large organization. All problems relate to people in the end. However I see to it that I restrict my activities to my department only without bringing personal feelings or value judgments into actions or decisions. A4: My job requires for me to be

Competitive Advantage of Wal Mart Essay Example for Free

Competitive Advantage of Wal Mart Essay Every company is trying to avoiding failure and the goal is to have a sustaining competitive advantage. But when do companies have a sustainable competitive advantage? It depends on three factors: the barriers to imitation, the capability of competitors and the dynamism of the industry development. In the 1970s Wal Mart lost their competitive advantage. Sears had a better positioning like Wal Mart. Therefore Wal Mart distinguished the situation and improved its distribution system. It created new trade channels to save costs and invest in new information technology to improve their situation. Wal Mart found a way to change their strategies and structures to change their competitive conditions. Over time, Wal Mart got strong partnerships with suppliers. This was a key element to improve their performance on the market and it`s not easy to imitate. Those partnerships work now since a long time and other competitors might lack the volume of purchases Wal Mart can offer. With some diversifications like Sam’s Club, a new way of supercenters or their plan for the international expansion Wal Mart was able to confine from their competitors. Wal-Mart was the first low price company and retailer which expanded around the world. The CEO of Wal Mart focused on small-town markets and ignored the national discounters. So, Wal Mart has huge distribution capabilities and this is very difficult to imitate from competitors. The most significant advantage of Wal Mart is their using of the satellite system. They are using this system to compress their costs and get a distinguished communication system with all employees to every time. The overall achieved employee satisfaction has the advantage of highly motivated employees. This is an overall management issue and when the employees are motivated, the customers are feeling good and well served. In future, Wal-Mart was committed to find new ways to have the competitive advantage of the market. They invest in different strategies like trendy fashions, offering organic food and remodeling stores to achieve a high satisfaction during the shopping by customers. So, they were able to use the economic crisis to win new customers. A lot of people search after low price shopping possibilities. So investors cheered at Wal-Mart and the company outperformed both rival target and the SP 500 index. Wal Mart holds its quality due to the constant low priced policy. This EDLP is not easy to replicate unless you can offer consistently low prices. On account of the points Wal Mart is able to secure a sustaining competitive advantage at the moment. They are reacting directly and design their company with the time and respond on their employees and customers. Their competitors are able to imitate their policies but this can`t happen within the next year because Wal Marts` advantages are way to complex. As long as Wal Mart is always developing its competencies and keeping on track with the environmental changes, they do have a sustainable competitive advantage in the US.

Could U.S. policy have prevented the attack of Sept.11 :: essays research papers

What would make a group people hate the U.S. so much that they would commit the terrible acts of Sept. 11. Killing thousands of innocent people and taking away the hopes and dreams of many. Some of this Anti-American sentiment begins with our long alliance with Israel. Israel and the Arab nations have been at war for many, many years. The war and resentment between these two sides begins with a strip of land called the Gaza Strip. This piece of land has been fought over for decades. So because of our alliance with Israel most of the Middle East see it as siding with their most hated enemy! I also believe that some of our have come back to haunt the U.S. One example of this would be our support of the Shah of Iran from 1966-1979. The U.S. supported the Shah even though, the people of Iran hated him and felt that he was corrupt. So that led way to the overthrow of the Shah and his government and the rule of the Ayatollah Khomeni. The new leader had a deep hatred of the U.S.and led a new anti-American sentiment in Iran. Our next ally would be Saddem Hueseein, who at the time was enemies with Iran. So the U.S. made an ally of Saddem and supplied him with billions of dollars of economic aid. Which he used to primarily build up his military forces and with that military Saddem attacked a helpless Kuwait. Saddem destroyed much of Kuwait and the ensuing war between Iraq and the Coalition forces was on. When the U.S. allied themselves with the Mujahedin army during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, who knew that Osama Bin Laden and others who fought in that war would wind up becoming the evil Taliban. It seems that U.S. policy is one of, if you are enemies of our enemies then you are our ally. I think that America should take a step back and take a long hard look at that region of

Leader

The capability of leaders to actively create mechanisms and measures to continuously enhance their field of expertise can pave the way for a deeper concentration and application of services among individuals. Thus, the incorporation of the Code of Ethics can be a necessary bridge in enhancing these goals. In addition, its incorporation in the overall policy can also improve interpersonal communication, work-related stress and career development.The creation of a code of ethics in a work environment usually varies depending on the institution and/or organizations overall aims and objectives. It usually is made to address the level of professionalism necessary in separating private and work-related activities. This paper seeks to show and elaborate on the way the code of ethics has helped in addressing and bridging the issues of (1) interpersonal communication, (2) stress management and (3) career development. In addition, it shall focus on the law enforcement sector and how their code s of ethics seek to address these issues.Having worked under the police force for 10 years, the experience proved to be a mixture of both trials and success. Being under a law enforcement agency, you are bounded by different rules and regulations that seem to impart a disciplined approach to each individual employed within. The Code of Conduct is one of the many rules that are mandated to be followed by each member of the organization. These rules may seem to restrict certain freedoms and actions but on the other hand it has also helped cultivate our roles and duties as leaders and primary movers of society in accordance to our rules and regulations. In addition to these, the methods become clearly defined due to the existence of the code of conduct, which paves the way for an easier implementation and application of rules within and outside the organization.The next section shall look into the way the creation of a Code of Conduct within the law enforcement agency can help facilita te or impede the process of the three (3) factors given.Interpersonal CommunicationThe capabilities of each individual to communicate with the environment and its surroundings cover the realm of interpersonal communication. â€Å"Interpersonal communication involves understanding the dynamics of sending and receiving verbal and nonverbal messages† (Pritchett, 1993, p.1).   In the realm of the law enforcement agency, the capability of each police force to reach out to the community and project an image of security and stability is the way interpersonal communication can be possible. â€Å"The ability of police personnel to communicate with the general public affects their image and the public's reactions to the police force.† (Pritchett, 1993, p.1)Then there is of course the importance of improving the image and the way police force handles their everyday activities. There is an importance in the way police officers project themselves since they are considered public and respectable figures. â€Å"The manner in which officers present themselves, both verbally and nonverbally, has a great impact on their professional image.† (Pritchett, 1993, p.1)For law enforcers to become effective and efficient leaders in this area, they must be able to address the realm of interpersonal communication. This means that law enforcers must actively create measures in enhancing and developing communication not only within the departments but also outside the force and community. The creation of a Code of Conduct also helps facilitate the way police communicate with people. It sets a higher standard of how people should communicate and at the same time giving opportunities for the law enforcement to exercise their responsibilities within the community.Another issue to be considered is the cultural diversity in the workplace. The application of the law now is depended on the way policeman exercise and judge the actual committing of the violence. It is through here that prejudice and bias comes in. As people become more and more acquainted with American culture, the more that they can see the way people are treated unequally. Thus there is a need for the police force to understand the cultural diversity present so that they can create a more sensitive outlook in the way each one enforces the law.  With this, there must be an adequate response to cultural diversity within such workplace. Policemen should understand that the communication process within cultures vary and are different. â€Å"The communicative process, while different for each culture, is comprised of essentially three components–language, culture, and ethnicity† (Pritchett, 1993, p.1) Thus, sensitivity and awareness is an important factor to consider when looking into the way each one handles a specific case.â€Å"Awareness of these cultural rules enables officers to be sensitive and responsive to the expectations and restrictions governing the communicati on process of the culture† (Pritchett, 1993, p.1) In addition, police should be aware of the way they present their actions, being adaptive to the way these people act can help facilitate a better communication process. â€Å"In contact cultures, physical closeness, occasional touching, and frequent gesturing are important and desired components of the communication process† (Pritchett, 1993, p.1).To achieve such objective, there must be a constant training between members of the police force. This enables them to become adaptive to the environment they are in. Each one must create a communication skills training. â€Å"To communicate effectively, police officers must gain an understanding of the myraid of verbal and nonverbal message elements that are communicated consciously and subconsciously by the participants in all interactions† (Pritchett, 1993, p.1). It is through the creation of these issues that people can enhance the way they communicate with other pe ople and practice effective implementation of the rule of law. â€Å"Therefore, an effective communication training program begins with efforts to change the attitude of all employees within the police agency† (Pritchett, 1993, p.1).Work-Related StressAnother issue that is deemed to be important is the way policemen handle stress. This is vital in the process because they are the ones who implement the law. Thus, the rigorous task of fulfilling their roles often gets the hang of them. There needs to be an important part of achieving a controlled stress environment particularly in the field of law enforcement. Since they are tasked to handle law related issues, the way they showcase their power to other people can be vital to either success or failure of their objectives.The depth of the way stress hounds policemen are often difficult to ascertain however they prove to be difficult and heavy compared to other professions. â€Å"†Policing is a psychologically stressful w ork environment filled with danger, high demands, ambiguity in work encounters, human misery and exposure to death,†Ã¢â‚¬  (Baker, 2004, p.1) In addition, there seems to be little literature to explain the way policeman treat and address stress related activities. â€Å"Despite the large size of this workforce nationwide and the strain of this occupation, the police are understudied in terms of work influence on psychological well-being and physical health,† (Baker, 2004, p.1).Digging in deeper, the nature of stress in the police force seems to emanate within their work description itself, however this is a misconception since people mix up their viewed stressors compared to the reality. â€Å"The stereotypical picture of police stress as consisting primarily of exposure to physical danger from criminals is fading, at least within the academic literature if not in popular accounts†(Ganster et. al., 1996, p.1). On the other hand, the real contributors for the str ess police men are feeling are the organizational factors. â€Å"A myriad of surveys of police stress point to the important role of what might be termed organizational or management factors, in contrast to physical or emotional threats encountered during fieldwork† (Ganster et. al., 1996, p.1).As leaders we are given the power and responsibility to look over people’s actions. However, such idea can also be a tool for a stressful environment as each one tries to make up for the challenge of becoming a good leader. â€Å"A source of stress made more insidious by its chronic nature and the pervasiveness of its impact on the officer's work life and career stability arises out of the constellation of management practices and policies characterizing many police organizations† (Ganster et. al., 1996, p.1).The creation of the code of conduct can either create a more stressful or less stressful environment. It actually depends on the capability of the individual to cope up with the way each one with the tasks prescribed within the code of conduct. Thus, it is a challenge for leaders to actively create mechanisms that will lessen the stress within the workplace. â€Å"However, leader behaviors might still be important in determining what effects these external stresses have on the well being of officers† (Ganster et. al., 1996, p.1).Key leader behaviors are also important in determining the way the police force copes up with stress. It is through this that they begin to experience how to actively create mechanisms that will enhance the potential of people below them and at the same time minimizing the occurrence of stress within the organization. Thus, the application of an appropriate leadership style can help facilitate the changes necessary for the sustenance and growth of the division. It was stated in the study that â€Å"these leadership styles can have direct effects on mental and physical health as well as indirectly affecting these outcomes through their effects on the levels of social support and personal control that police officers experience on their job† (Ganster et. al., 1996, p.1).Career DevelopmentIn the realm of career development, leadership is also necessary in this field to attract potential workers in the organization. This is to ensure the sustenance of the organization in promoting and creating necessary means to facilitate improvements in different areas. Leaders must realize the changing and evolving times today so that they may correctly incorporate several ideas in the program in enhancing their career development. â€Å"As a result, the â€Å"labor market† of the past is quickly becoming a â€Å"work dynamic† that is difficult to encapsulate with occupational dictionaries, codes, or titles† (Redekopp, D., 1995, p.1)Career development is never a one step process, it is a continuous and developing procedures that captivates and influences the way people shape their future. With proper incorporation of a career development, learning is possible and opportunities are endless. â€Å"People who have had limited success with formal learning are anxious about â€Å"lifelong learning† and need to know that most learning does not occur in formal settings† (Redekopp, D., 1995, p.1)The creation of a code of ethics can also help facilitate improvements in career development. Since the rules are there and needs to be followed, creating career development should never be anymore voluntary but on the other hand be supplementary to the needs of different individuals. â€Å"In today’s competitive environment, it is imperative that all organizations create a work environment which fosters growth and development† (Merchant, R.C., p.2)Leaders, for their part should enhance employee motivation. This improves employee development and creates improvement in work. â€Å"An organization’s ability to understand and address these ne eds will result in higher levels of job satisfaction and enhanced performance by its employees† (Merchant, R.C., p.5)Another important factor to consider is the managerial styles exhibited by leaders in the realm of policing. Managers must actively create mechanisms that will enhance their people’s capability to work under the organization. It with this that â€Å"the most effective managers are those who realize that employee commitment and productivity are directly related to the organization’s overall effectiveness† (Merchant, R.C., p.7)Another thing that creates career development is the technological changes within the workforce and the organization. Career development programs can help enhance the way people view and address these technological changes. â€Å"Employees would be able to make practical career decisions based upon the organization’s current and future needs.† (Merchant, R.C., p.8)To conclude, the three factors given are in deed important in shaping leadership capabilities among members of the police force. The Code of Ethics serves as an important factor in determining the success and development of such three factors. In the end, leaders can use the Code of Ethics as a tool in facilitating mechanisms for change.ReferencesBaker, L. (2004) Study to examine effects of stress on police officer’s health in University ofBuffalo Reporter. 35 no.17 Retrieved February 11, 2008 from http://www.buffalo.edu/reporter/vol35/vol35n17/articles/PoliceStudy.htmlGanster, D.C., Pagon, M. and Duffy, M. (1996) Organizational and Interpersonal Sources ofStress in the Slovenian Police Force. Retrieved February 11, 2008 from http://www.ncjrs.gov/policing/org425.htmMerchant, R.C. (n.d.) The Role of Career Development in Improving Organizational Effectiveness and Employee Development. Retrieved February 11, 2008 from www.fdle.state.fl.us/FCJEI/SLP papers/Merchant.pdfPritchett, G.L. (1993) Interpersonal Communication:   improving law enforcement’s image in TheFBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. Retrieved February 11, 2008 from http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-14234504.htmlRedekopp, D.E. (1995) The â€Å"High Five† of Career Development. Retrieved February 11, 2008from http://www.vtaide.com/png/ERIC/Career-High-Five.htm